Tumor growth and development involve many complex pathways, such as malignant cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Kinases are the enzymes that control signal transduction in these pathways, including VEGF, PDGFR, c-kit, and…
Polo-like Kinases (PLKs) are a group of highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases. PLKs play a key role in processes such as cell division and checkpoint regulation of mitosis. Mammalian cells…
Tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosine residues of specific proteins in cells. Specifically, this covalent post-translational modification is a key component of…
VEGFR are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). There are three main subtypes: VEGFR1/Flt-1, VEGFR2/KDR/Flk-1, and VEGFR3. VEGFR1 and 2 are expressed on vascular endothelial cells, whereas VEGFR3 is…
There are numerous growth factors involved in tumor angiogenesis, but foremost among them is the family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). The VEGF family includes VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD,…
Protein tyrosine kinases comprise a group of enzymes. They catalyze the phosphorylation of certain proteins on specific tyrosine residues. The growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases are a subfamily. The kinases…
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell-signaling proteins, which are involved in many processes, especially as the key factor of normal development. In addition, the FGFR family consists…
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that play a critical role in tissue regeneration. MSCs play an important role in matrix remodeling, fibroblast activation, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. MSCs…
As we all know, angiogenesis plays an essential role in the physiology of neonatal development, reproduction, and wound healing. PDGF-BB (Platelet-derived growth factor-BB ) is a mitogenic factor for smooth…
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) are cell-surface tyrosine kinase receptors. They represent targets for anticancer therapy in solid tumors. For accurately validating the…