Human pancreatic cancer cells can secrete the proangiogenic molecules, such as VEGF, IL-8, and basic fibroblast growth factor. VEGF is the major proangiogenic factor in most types of human cancer.…
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs) belongs to the dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family. DUSP-MKPs dephosphorylate and inactivate the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JNK/SAPK, and p38 on tyrosine and threonine residues.…
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a member of a family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The FAK4 family kinases (which include FAK and Pyk2) regulate integrin and growth factor signaling pathways…
Epigenetic alterations to the genome take place via modifications to the DNA or histones. Meanwhile, those modifications lead to changes in gene expression. Generally, histone lysine methylation is a prominent…
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors play important roles in multiple biologic processes, such as tissue repair, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. The FGFR family mainly comprises 4 main…
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates the response of cells to EGF and transforming growth factor α. Deregulated signal transduction via the EGFR family…
The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase family possesses 15 members. those members consist of four distinct classes as a basis on their structure and biological properties. As we all know, this highly conserved…
TP53 (p53) is the single most frequently altered gene in human cancers, with mutations being present in approximately 50% of all invasive tumors. Besides, p53 is mutated in at least…
mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival. mTORC1 is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. mTORC1 positively regulates cell growth and proliferation.…
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide (NM) and PRPP. Therefore, NAMPT plays an important role in the cyclic biosynthetic pathway…