CDKs (Cyclin-dependent kinases) are serine-threonine kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve…
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Specifically, RTKs are part of a larger family of protein tyrosine kinases. RTKs…
ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases), originally also known as MDC proteins (metalloproteinase/disintegrin/cysteine-rich). And ADAMs belong to the Metzincins superfamily of metalloproteases. Recently, studies have found ADAM genes exist in animals,…
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein. The dimerization of EGFR stimulates the activity of intracellular protein tyrosine kinase. Therefore, several tyrosine (y) residues in the C-terminal…
Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are homodimeric enzymes. They catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mutant IDH1/2 (mIDH1/2) reduces α-KG to…
Farnesyl transferase (FTase) is a zinc-dependent enzyme, which coordinates a zinc cation on its β subunit at the lip of the active site. FTase has two subunits: a 48kDa α-subunit…
Akt1 belongs to the Akt subfamily of serine/threonine kinases, which contains the SH2 (SRC homologous 2-like) domain. Specifically, Akt kinase is the central node of the signal transduction pathway, which…
Somatostatin (SST) is a peptide hormone, which can regulate the endocrine system. Specifically, Somatostatin affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation by interacting with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibiting multiple releases.…
Chemoresistance is a major cause of cancer treatment failure. Tumor-initiating cells (TIC) have attracted a considerable amount of attention due to their role in chemoresistance and tumor recurrence. The inhibition…
JAK2 and STAT3 have been extensively implicated in the development and progression of numerous cancers. STAT3 be also activated by EGFR, JAK2, and other TYKs activated by EGF, LIF, and…