Src-homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 gene, is a classical nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). SHP2 is a ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase with a relatively conserved…
To date, we identified 167 small GTPases in humans which are key signal transducing enzymes. Small GTPases comprise five main families whose eponymous members are Ras, Rho, Rab, ADP-ribosylation factor…
Humans have been using natural products for medicinal use for ages. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is used as a condiment worldwide from times immemorial. Ginger has many health benefits in traditional…
Phospholipase is a member of a very complex group of enzymes that break down phospholipids into fatty acids and other compounds. Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme of the phospholipase…
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. JAK includes JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAK serves as the…
The BTK kinases comprise 5 structural domains, including pleckstrin homology, TEC homology, Src homology, Src homology, and kinase domains. The activation of BTK kinase depends on recruitment to the plasma…
β-Lapachone is an ortho-naphthoquinone and inhibits topoisomerase I. β-Lapachone is a classic quinone-containing antitumor NQO1-bioactivatable drug that directly kills NQO1-overexpressing cancer cells. NQO1 is an antioxidative enzyme that helps recover…
PARP is a family of proteins involved in many cellular processes, such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death. At least 18 members of the PARP family are…
Tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosine residues of specific proteins in cells. Specifically, this covalent post-translational modification is a key component of…
Human Axl belongs to the TAM subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that includes Mer. TAM kinases contain two immunoglobulin-like domains and two fibronectin type III domains. Many cancer cells exhibit…