GnRHR (gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor) is also known as the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor (LHRHR). Importantly, GnRHR associates with G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-calcium second messenger system. Particularly, Activation of…
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate. Firstly, IDH exists in three isoforms in humans: IDH3 catalyzes the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+…
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) play a crucial role in angiogenesis and angiogenesis. Specifically, the VEGF family includes VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placental growth factor…
Programmed death 1 (PD-1), also known as CD279, belongs to the CD28 superfamily. Firstly, PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor that is expressed on T cells, NK cells, B cells, monocytes,…
Tubulin is the protein that polymerizes into long chains or filaments that form microtubules, hollow fibers which serve as a skeletal system for living cells. Importantly, Tubulin includes α- and…
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of related enzymes that share the ability to catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose to target proteins. There are at least 18 members of…
KRas (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) is a part of the RAS/MAPK pathway and relays signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. Importantly, KRasG12C is a mutation of KRas.…
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. Although survival rates are constantly improving because of the current strategies of primary/secondary prevention and the availability of innovative…
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and one of the three most common cancers worldwide, along with lung and colon cancer. Metastases from breast carcinoma are formed…
JNK is involved in regulating another mitochondrial protein cytochrome c during cell apoptosis. Specifically, Smac is the second mitochondrial-derived caspase activator, which promotes cell apoptosis by activating caspase. Without NF-κB…