The ubiquitous Gαq subunit, a known transducer of plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors signaling, is a core modulator of mTORC1 and autophagy. The Gαq subunit is made up of four…
v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) is the part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. BRAF was first discovered in 2002. The discovery of BRAF mutations…
Activates transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a cAMP-responsive element binding protein, belonging to the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-2 protein family. This protein is divided into several structural domains that…
Wnt5a (Wnt Family Member 5A) is a signaling molecule and is implicated in many different types of cancers. Importantly, Wnt5a increases intracellular Ca2+ levels and enables the activation of Ca2+-regulated proteins,…
Melanoma is an immunologic malignancy characterized by higher prevalence in immune-compromised patients. In addition, once melanoma has spread, this type of cancer rapidly becomes life-threatening. Moreover, Melanoma is the ninth…
B7-H3 (CD276) is a T cell co-stimulator and co-suppressor molecule. Specifically, B7-H3 plays an important role in tumor cell apoptosis, proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, and escape from immune surveillance.…
MNKs (Mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting kinases) belong to the family of Ser/Thr kinases, and are classified as members of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases. MNKs have two different isoforms (MNK1 and MNK2) and…
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a cell-mediated immune defense mechanism. The effector cells of the immune system actively cleave target cells, and their membrane surface antigens are bound by specific antibodies.…
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is caused by a malignant proliferation of melanocytes. Ultraviolet light (UV) exposure can change DNA and its expressions and is the primary…
Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from existing blood vessels. Steps toward angiogenesis include protease production, endothelial cell migration, and proliferation, vascular tube formation, anastomosis of newly formed tubes,…