Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are found in eukaryotic cells and are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin.…
Chk1 is a serine-threonine kinase, and plays a key role in G2M arrest, G1-S, intra S, and mitotic checkpoints. Usually, Chk1 is of high level in cancers, including lung cancer,…
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which act predominantly as modulators of synaptic transmission. Moreover, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory…
CDKs (Cyclin-dependent kinases) are serine-threonine kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve…
STING, refers to the stimulator of interferon genes, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-bound adapter protein. It binds to cGAMP and send a dramatic conformational change. Thereby STING triggers itself translocation from…
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women all over the world. Breast cancer development is associated with abnormal cell proliferation and defects in apoptosis. Noticeably, Polo-like Kinases (PLKs)…
Thymidylate synthetase (TS) is a key enzyme in DNA synthesis, which catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). TS inhibition leads to deoxynucleotide imbalance and increased…
The retinoid X receptor (RXR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. The nuclear receptors superfamily has many other nuclear receptors, including the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR),…
HDACs (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on histone. HDACs allow the histones to wrap the DNA more…
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) play a crucial role in angiogenesis and angiogenesis. Specifically, the VEGF family includes VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placental growth factor…