Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Japan. Gemcitabine has been the standard therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer for over a decade. Additional novel combination therapies…
Aromatase occurs widely in tissues such as adipose tissue, brain, testes, and ovaries. It is a membrane-bound microsomal complex containing NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 units. In this article,…
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signal protein. Importantly, it is involved in angiogenesis and angiogenesis (blood vessels grow from a pre-existing vascular system). All members of VEGF…
TGF-β, activin, nodal, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily. It regulates a wide range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. TGF-β…
PR-104, like TH-302, is a prodrug of nitrogen mustard that has shown some degree of efficacy in adult patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). PR-104A (SN 27858) is the…
Multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps) are ATP-dependent transporters involved in the efflux of a vast number of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. GSH is one of the liver's main defenses against oxidative…
Hedgehog (Hh) signal pathway is a signal pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells for appropriate cell differentiation. Specifically, Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal…
In this article, we will introduce an orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive ALK and c-Met inhibitor, Crizotinib. The IC50 values for ALK and c-Met kinases are 20 and 8 nM, respectively. Additionally, in cell-based assays, Crizotinib…
Protein synthesis is a core biological process, which balances the loss of cellular proteins by producing new proteins. Specifically, proteins perform many key functions as enzymes, structural proteins, or hormones.…
IKKβ is an enzyme that is part of an intracellular signaling pathway activated by cytokines involved in triggering an immune response. Particularly, Phosphorylated IκB degrades and releases NF-κB through the…