Adenosine receptors (ARs) comprise a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which mediate the physiological actions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, A3R) have been cloned and identified in different tissues. Adenosine receptors play an important role in sleep, the development of cancers and hearing...

PERK (Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) is a type I endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein. Generally, PERK contains a stress-sensing domain facing the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and a cytosolic kinase domain. Interestingly, PERK is a major component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which promotes the adaptation of...

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions. Class I PI3K enzymes consist of four distinct catalytic isoforms, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ. There are three major classes of PI3K enzymes, being class IA widely associated to cancer. Class IA PI3K,...

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (abbreviated Btk or BTK) is a tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the BTK gene in humans. BTK, a kinase expressed in B cells and bone marrow cells, has a well-characterized important role in B cells, vital role in B cells highlighted by the human primary...

The Raf family consists of three members: A-Raf, B-Raf, and Raf-1. Ras/RAF/MEK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is relevant to the control of many basic cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Specifically, Raf-1 and B-Raf can form heterodimers, which may be important for cell transformation. RAF protein is...

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Specifically, RTKs are part of a larger family of protein tyrosine kinases. RTKs are key regulators of normal cellular processes. Besides, it plays a key role in the development and progression of...