Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and stress-responsive catabolic process. Particularly, cellular components and damaged organelles are sequestered within autophagosomes for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is a multi-step process. Autophagosome biogenesis requires 2 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems: the Atg12-Atg5 and the Atg8–phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) systems. Importantly, the cysteine protease ATG4B is a key...